References:
Benderly, J. (1997). Rape, feminism and nationalism in the war in Yugoslav successor states. In L. West, Lois (Ed.), Feminist nationalism (pp. 59-72). London: Routledge.
Blagojevic, M. (1994). War and everyday life: Deconstruction of self/sacrifice, Sociology, 36(4), 469-493
Boric, R. (1997). Against the war: Women organizing across the national divide in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. In R. Lentin (Ed.), Gender & catastrophe (pp. 36-49), London & New York: Zed Books.
Cockburn, C. (1991). A women's political party for Yugoslavia: Introduction to the Serbian Manifesto, Feminist Review, Special Issue, Shifting territories: Feminism & Europe, 39, 155-160.
Cockbrun, C. (1998). The space between us. Negotiating gender and national identities in conflict, London & New York: Zed Books
Cockburn, C. (2000). Gender and democracy in the aftermath of war, Utrecht: Universiteit voor Humanistiek
Cullen, H. (1992). Feminism and Nationalism, Journal of Gender Studies 1(3), 408-417
Devic, A. (2000). Women's activism between private and public spaces: The case of women in black in Serbia. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia(pp. 195-210). Ljubljana: Topos.
Dobnikar, M. (2000). War, discourse, women - What about us? In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia(pp. 359-368). Ljubljana: Topos.
Drakulic, S. (1993a). Balkan express: Fragments from the other side of war. London: Hutchinos.
Drakulic, S. (1993b). Women and new democracy in the former Yugoslavia. In N. Funk N. & M. Mueller (Eds.), Gender politics and post-Communism (pp. 123-130). London, New York: Routledge.
Drezgic, R. (2000). Demographic nationalism in the gender perspective. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia (pp. 211-234). Ljubljana: Topos.
Duhacek, D. (1993). Women's time in the former Yugoslavia. In N. Funk & M. Mueller (Eds.), Gender politics and post-Communism (pp. 131-137). London and New York: Routledge.
Hidovic Harper, I. (1993). Personal reactions of a Bosnian woman to the war in Bosnia. Feminist Review, 45,102-197
Huges, D., Mladjenovic, L. & Mrsevic, Z. (1995). Feminist resistance in Serbia, The European Journal of Women's Studies, 2(4), 509-532
Jambresic-Kirin, R. & Povrzanovic, M. (1996). Negotiatin Identities? The Voices of Refugees between Experiences and Representation. In Jambrsic Kirin, R & Povrzanovic, M. (Eds) War Exile, Everyday Life. Cultural Perspectives, (pp. 3-19). Zagreb: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research
Jambresic-Kirin, R. (2000). Personal narratives on war: A challenge to women's essays and ethnography in Croatia. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia(pp. 285-322). Ljubljana: Topos.
Jones, A. (1994). Gender and ethnic conflict in ex-Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 17(1), 115-134
Kasic, B. (2000). The Aesthetic of the Victim within the Discourse of War. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia(pp.271-283). Ljubljana: Topos.
Korac, M. (1994). Representation of mass rape in ethnic conflicts in what was Yugoslavia - Discussion with C. MacKinon's concept of `genocidal' rape in this conflict', Sociologija, 6(4), 495-514.
Korac, M. (1993). Serbian nationalism: nationalism of my own people, Feminist Review, 5,108-112
Korac, M. (1996). Understanding ethnic-national identity and its meaning: Questions from a woman's experience. Women's Studies International Forum , 9(1/2),133-145.
Milic, A. (1993). Women and nationalism in former Yugoslavia. In N. Funk & M. Mueller (Eds.), Gender, politics and post-Communism (p. 109-122). London, New York: Routledge.
Milic, A. (2002). Zenski pokret na raskrscu milenijuma. Izvestaj o empirijskom istrazivanju u Srbiji I Crnoj Gori (Women's movement on the millenium crossroad. Report of an empirical research in Serbia and Montenegro), Beograd: Institut za Socioloska Istrazivanja
Mladjenovic, L. (2001). Caring at the same time: On feminist politics during the NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo, 1999. In S. Meintjes, A. Pillay, & M. Turshen (Eds.), The aftermath. Women in post-conflict transformation (pp. 172-188). London & New York: Zed Books,.
Mladjenovic, L. & Litricin, V. (1993). Belgrade feminists 1992: Separation, guilt and identity crisis', Feminist Review, 45,113-119.
Mrsevic, Z. (2000). War makes us feminists. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia (pp. 323-342). Ljubljana: Topos.
Nikolic-Ristanovic, V., Konstantinovic-Vilic, S., Mrvic-Petrovic, N. & Stevanovic, I. (1995). Zene, nasilje i rat (Women, Violence and War), Beograd: Soros Fond.
Nikolic-Ristanovic, V. (1998) The protection of War Rape Victims Before International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, Temida 1(2), 13-21
Nikolic-Ristanovic, V. (2000). From sisterhood to non-recognition: Instrumentalization of women's suffering in the war in the former Yugoslavia. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia (pp. 147-194). Ljubljana: Topos.
Papic, Z. (1994). Women's Movement in former Yugoslavia: 1970s and 1980s. Beograd: Centre for Women's Studies, Research and Communication
Rener, T. (1996). State of the art: women's studies in Slovenia, The European Journal of Women's Studies 3, 167-171
Slapsak, S. (2000). Yugoslav War: A Case of/for Gendered History. In Slapsak, S. (Ed) War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia (pp.17-68). Ljubljana: Topos
Spasic, I. (2000). Woman-victim and woman-citizen: Some notes on the ‘Feminist’ discourse on War. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia (pp. 243-358). Ljubljana: Topos.
Supek, O. (1994). Women and nationalist conflict in former Yugoslavia: War rapes and human rights, paper presented at the American Anthropological Association, Atlanta, GA, November/December 1994 (manuscript)
Zarkov, D. (1997). War rapes in Bosnia. On masculinity, femininity, and power of the rape victim identity', Tijdschift voor Criminologie, 39(2),140-151.
Zarkov, D. (2000). Feminist self/ethnic self. Theory and politics of women's activism. In S. Slapsak (Ed.), War discourse/ women's discourse. Essays and case studies from Yugoslavia and Russia (pp. 167-194). Ljubljana: Topos.
Zarkov, D. (2001). The body of the other man: Sexual violence and the construction of masculinity, sexuality and ethnicity in Croatian media. In C. Moser and F. Clark (Eds.), Victims, perpetrators or actors? Gender, armed conflict and political violence (pp. 69-82). London: Zed Books.
Endnotes:
[i]For early women's movement (prior to the World War I) in regions that would after the WW I become Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and for the First Wave of feminism (between World War I and II) see Slapsak (2000). For the Second Wave - 1970s and 1980s - see Papic (1994).
[ii]It should be noted that the newly established groups were not only feminist. Many women-centred groups were created, often engaged in similar kind of work as the feminist groups: aid and support for refugees, work with victims of sexual violence, lobbying. Although the number of new feminist groups formed during the war is impressive, it is still considerably smaller than that of women's groups. Benderly (1997:71; note 3) for instance mentions that only in Bosnia-Hercegovina there were about 54 women's groups, but only four of these defined themselves explicitly as feminist. The Union of Women's Organizations of the Republic of Macedonia (established in 1994) for instance, is formed out of 25 women's groups and organizations (with 23.000 registered members). Most of them are called women's NGO's, a few are named as organizations of `mothers', some are defined ethnically (Serb women's organization; organization of Albanian women in Macedonia). None of these claim to be feminist. In Kosovo, where the forming of women's groups is still at its beginning, the few that exist do not define themselves as feminist.
Some of these groups were nationalists, and many of them are women's wings of various political or religious groups. Others continue traditions of socialist women's organizations concerned with issues defined through the notions of emancipation of women and changes in traditional, patriarchal values. Some of the groups were explicitly anti-feminist, others saw feminism as one of the ways of doing things for women, not necessarily their way, but nevertheless relevant.
[iii].Within only a couple of years these activities - including women's studies programmes - ceased being the exclusive preserve of the capital cities. Today, almost every middle-sized town in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia has at least one feminist group, usually with a range of different activities: from humanitarian to S.O.S. hot-lines and women's crisis centres against sexual violence. One S.O.S. hot-line also exists in Skoplje, capital of Macedonia. A Centre for Protection of Women and Children also operates in the capital of Kosovo. For good overviews and analyses of various feminist groups and their activities just prior to, and during the war, in different territories of ex-Yugoslavia, see Benderly (1997), Cockburn (1991, for Serbia; 1998, & 2000, for Bosnia), Devic (2000), Huges et al (1995), Mladjenovic & Litricin (1993), Rener (1996, for Slovenia), Slapsak (2000). For Croatia see also journal Kruh & Ruze nos. 5/6 (1995/6) and no. 9 (1998) (all with English summary). Directory of Women's Groups in Croatia (1998) lists about 40 feminist groups. For Serbia see Politicki Adresar (Political Addressbook, 1995), which, although incomplete, lists 15 groups, seven in Belgrade and eight in other big cities in Serbia.
[iv]A rare example of detailed comparative analysis and - even more rare - translating analysis into practice - is to be seen in academic-cum-activist work of Cynthia Cockburn (1998).She conducted comparative analysis of women's activism in Bosnia, Northern Ireland and Israel/Palestine and assisted in the establishment of cooperation networks between the activist groups from these three region.
